May 17, 2024  
2020-21 Graduate Bulletin 
    
2020-21 Graduate Bulletin ARCHIVED

Course Offerings


 

Biotechnology

  
  • BTEC 5057 - Bioinformatics II (lab)


    Credit(s): 0

    This course is offered to any student interested in combining computer applications with the life sciences. An introduction to database management, database mining, protein structure analysis and alignment, PERL, and LINUX will be described. Lecture will be integrated with a laboratory.
  
  • BTEC 5101 - Proteins and Nucleic Acids (lab)


    Credit(s): 1

    The laboratory introduces the student to fundamental techniques used in the biotechnology industry to purify, characterize and study proteins and nucleic acids.
    Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5201  
  
  • BTEC 5185 - Biotech Research Seminar


    Credit(s): 1

    Students will present their thesis research progress to faculty members and peers. Each student enrolled in BTEC 5195 , BTEC 5196 , BTEC 5189  or BTEC 5190  must present his/her research each semester enrolled as scheduling permits. The student should have a committee meeting following the seminar. Seminars are formal PowerPoint presentations in preparation for thesis defense.
  
  • BTEC 5189 - Thesis Research


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Must be taken in three-hour blocks. Research hours are under the supervision of a research advisor. Students focus on their thesis research project. Each hour of course credit translates into three hours of lab work per week.
    Note: Note: Students completing a thesis must register each semester university resources are being utilized. Repeated: May be repeated.
  
  • BTEC 5190 - Thesis Writing


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Student must be enrolled in this course the semester he/she graduates. The first time a student enrolls in 590, it must be for three credit hours; only these three credit hours will count toward the degree.
    Note: Note: Students completing a thesis must register each semester university resources are being utilized.
  
  • BTEC 5195 - Advanced Graduate Studies


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Special problems in biotechnology.
  
  • BTEC 5196 - Advanced Graduate Studies


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Continuation of research hours under the supervision of a research advisor.
  
  • BTEC 5200 - Biophysical Chemistry (lecture)


    Credit(s): 2

    Instrumental analysis of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Methods may include ultracentrifugation; gradient separation of proteins and nucleic acids; UV/visible spectroscopy; mass spectrometry; X-ray diffraction of proteins and nucleic acids; HPLC of proteins.
    Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5205  
  
  • BTEC 5201 - Proteins and Nucleic Acids (lecture)


    Credit(s): 2

    A thorough study, at the molecular level, of protein and DNA structure and function.
    Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5101  
  
  • BTEC 5202 - Advanced Metabolism and Protein Regulation (lecture)


    Credit(s): 2

    An in-depth look at the metabolic processes that occur in animals, plants and microbes with an emphasis on their regulation and enzyme kinetics and their utilization in the biotechnology industry.
    Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5203  
  
  • BTEC 5203 - Advanced Metabolism and Protein Regulation Lab


    Credit(s): 2

    The laboratory comprises experiments that study metabolic regulation, enzyme kinetics, and production of primary and secondary metabolites. Students will be expected to complete an independent project during the semester, as well as structured laboratories.
    Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5202
  
  • BTEC 5205 - Biophysical Chemistry (lab)


    Credit(s): 2

    The laboratory provides hands-on experience with state-of-the-art equipment used in the biotech industry to separate, purify and characterize proteins and nucleic acids.
    Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5200  
  
  • BTEC 5211 - Advanced Biotechniques (lecture)


    Credit(s): 2

    This course teaches the techniques that are fundamental to the biotechnology workplace. The techniques are taught within the scheme of prokaryotic gene manipulation and the expression of a protein product. Students become familiar with the theory, background and application of each technique. The topics covered in the course include an overview of the biotechnology industry, laboratory procedures and equipment, recombinant DNA, and protein technology and biotechnology applications.
    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 3330, CHEM 4352, CHEM 4152 Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5212  
  
  • BTEC 5212 - Advanced Biotechniques (lab)


    Credit(s): 2

    Hands-on training in fundamental laboratory procedures and instrumentation used in recombinant DNA and protein technology. Practical lab-bench experience, record keeping and data presentation is emphasized.
    Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5211  
  
  • BTEC 5213 - Advanced Techniques in Protein Chemistry (lab)


    Credit(s): 2

    This course covers protein chemistry, immunology, the techniques of preparing tissue cultures, physical biochemistry, receptors and receptor assays, microscopy, computational biochemistry, molecular modeling and the biometric analysis of data at an advanced level. This course is the required laboratory for BTC 562.
    Co-requisite(s): BTEC 5313  
  
  • BTEC 5312 - Advanced Techniques in Molecular Biology (lecture)


    Credit(s): 3

    The topics covered in this course will include gel electrophoresis for analysis of proteins and nucleic acids; radio chemistry; DNA and RNA synthesis, isolation, cloning, and sequencing; RFLP; expression of proteins; and restriction enzyme analysis.
  
  • BTEC 5313 - Advanced Techniques in Protein Chemistry (lecture)


    Credit(s): 3

    This course covers protein chemistry, immunology, the techniques of preparing tissue cultures, physical biochemistry, receptors and receptor assays, microscopy, computational biochemistry, molecular modelin and the biometric analysis of data at an advanced level.
  
  • BTEC 5352 - Molecular Biochemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    Application of molecular genetics, transcription control mechanisms, gene expression, molecular cloning and applications to biotechnology.
  
  • BTEC 5354 - DNA Forensics


    Credit(s): 3

    This class will present an overview of the history, techniques and applications of DNA typing in the area of forensics. Other investigative, nonforensic applications utilizing DNA technology will be presented. Forensics involvement in civil and criminal cases will be discussed.
    Prerequisite(s): With permission of instructor
  
  • BTEC 5357 - Bioinformatics II (lecture)


    Credit(s): 3

    This course is offered to any student interested in combining computer applications with the life sciences. An introduction to database management, database mining, protein structure analysis and alignment, PERL, and LINUX will be described. Lecture will be integrated with a laboratory.

Business

  
  • BUSI 5321 - Topics in General Business


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Topics in General Business.
    Repeated: Can be repeated as topics vary. Limit of three semester hours to be applied to graduate degree.
  
  • BUSI 5350 - Executive Leadership


    Credit(s): 3

    An introduction to leadership theory and principles; application of leadership concepts in business organizations with emphasis on formation of a personal leadership style. (Same as MGMT 5350 ).
  
  • BUSI 5357 - Negotiation and Dispute Resolution


    Credit(s): 3

    A study of negotiation theories and skills applicable to business transactions; of conflict administration through the various dispute resolution methods; of design and implementation of dispute resolution systems for business conflicts; and of social and ethical issues in negotiation and dispute resolutions.
  
  • BUSI 5375 - Advanced Graduate Studies


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Individual study based on student need.
    Repeated: May be repeated under different topics.
  
  • BUSI 5376 - Advanced Graduate Studies


    Credit(s): 3

    Individual study based on student need.

Business Communication

  
  • BCOM 5320 - Managerial Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    Applied approach to using written and oral communication as management tools, including audience analysis, research gathering and interpretation, organization, drafting, revising, presentation, and visual aid development.
  
  • BCOM 5330 - Seminar in Business Communication Theory


    Credit(s): 3

    Interdisciplinary approach to communication as related to the business organization. Readings and case studies in areas such as corporate image and identity, diversity, corporate culture, technology, crisis management, community relations and international issues.
  
  • BCOM 5375 - Adv Grad Studies in Bus Comm


    Credit(s): 3

    Individualized studies or special topics in business communication.
  
  • BCOM 5378 - Seminar in Business Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    Repeated: May be repeated.

Business Law

  
  • BLAW 5325 - Environmental Law


    Credit(s): 3

    Introduction to the laws that regulate and influence environmental quality. Includes a comparison of various federal statutes and their companion legislation that promotes human and environmental health. The nature of evident prosecution under these laws, legislative initiative, scientific support for rule making and the obligations of business are considered. (Same as ENVR 5325 ).
  
  • BLAW 5337 - Seminar in Legal Studies in Business


    Credit(s): 3

    Selected topics in legal studies in business. Readings and legal research in areas such as law and ethics, employment, privacy, environmental protection and property rights, advertising, and products liability.
  
  • BLAW 5347 - Transnational Business Law


    Credit(s): 3

    An examination of the transactional and legal aspects of doing business abroad with emphasis on rules and practice in the areas of export-import, licensing and technology transfer, and sales of services. Topical matters include the legal and ethical environment of business, trade regulation, international contracting, exporting and importing, documentary transactions, trade finance, sales of services, licensing of intellectual property, and electronic transactions, together with the cultural, social, economic, and political issues affecting the international age.
  
  • BLAW 5375 - Adv Grad Studies in Bus Law


    Credit(s): 3

    Individualized studies or special topics in business law.

Chemistry

  
  • CHEM 5072 - Advanced Environmental Chemistry I Lab


    Credit(s): 0

    Chemical processes involved in the environment.
  
  • CHEM 5170 - Seminar


    Credit(s): 1

    Students will present to the faculty their research proposals or a literature-based presentation prior to the student’s second term.
  
  • CHEM 5175 - Advanced Graduate Studies


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Special problems in chemistry. Individual instruction.
  
  • CHEM 5176 - Advanced Graduate Studies


    Credit(s): 1-3

    A continuation of CHEM 5175 .
  
  • CHEM 5305 - Advanced Chemical Concepts


    Credit(s): 3

    Particular emphasis on the concepts that are of value in the teaching of all levels of science and chemistry.
  
  • CHEM 5306 - Topics in Chemical Concepts


    Credit(s): 3

    The course will examine one or more topics that are currently of interest in teaching chemical concepts.
    Repeated: May be repeated under different topics.
  
  • CHEM 5311 - Advanced Organic Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    Mechanisms and structural considerations of organic reactions are presented.
  
  • CHEM 5316 - Topics in Organic Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    Topics may include recent developments in organic synthesis, organometallics, heterocyclics, phase transfer catalysis and physical organic chemistry.
    Repeated: May be repeated under different topics.
  
  • CHEM 5321 - Advanced Analytical Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    An in-depth study of classical and instrumental methods of analysis commonly encountered in analytical chemistry.
  
  • CHEM 5326 - Topics in Analytical Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    A study of one or more topics currently of interest in analytical chemistry.
    Repeated: May be repeated under different topics.
  
  • CHEM 5331 - Advanced Inorganic Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    An advanced survey of the major principles of inorganic chemistry.
  
  • CHEM 5336 - Topics in Inorganic Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    Topics of current interest in inorganic chemistry will be addressed.
    Repeated: May be repeated under different topics.
  
  • CHEM 5341 - Advanced Physical Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    A survey of selected principles of physical chemistry at an advanced level.
  
  • CHEM 5346 - Topics in Physical Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    Advanced topics in physical chemistry to fit needs/interests of students.
    Repeated: May be repeated under different topics.
  
  • CHEM 5351 - Advanced Biochemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    In-depth study of the structure and function of DNA replication and repair; transcription; regulation of gene expression; genetic manipulation; ethical/medical/health issues relating to genetic manipulation.
    Prerequisite(s): CHE 4353 with a minumum grade of C
  
  • CHEM 5356 - Topics in Biochemistry


    Credit(s): 3

    Topics covered will relate to current developments and discoveries in the field of biochemistry.
    Repeated: May be repeated under a different topic.
    Prerequisite(s): CHE 4352 with a minimum grade of C
  
  • CHEM 5371 - Advanced Special Topics


    Credit(s): 3

    Special studies in chemistry.
    Repeated: May be repeated in a different topic.
  
  • CHEM 5372 - Advanced Environmental Chemistry I


    Credit(s): 3

    Chemical processes involved in the environment.
  
  • CHEM 5381 - Supervised Instruction of Lab Course


    Credit(s): 3

    Teaching experience in undergraduate chemistry laboratory, including maintenance, laboratory preparation, grading and assistance of students in laboratory under the direct supervision of a faculty mentor. Required of all graduate assistants for one semester.
  
  • CHEM 5389 - Thesis Research


    Credit(s): 3

    Research for the thesis. Individual research under the direction of graduate faculty member.
    Note: Note: A student must register for 589 and/or CHEM 5390  each semester or summer session until the thesis is completed; however, a student may not register the first time for CHEM 5390  until the thesis prospectus has been approved.
  
  • CHEM 5390 - Thesis Writing


    Credit(s): 3-9

    Organization and writing of thesis based on graduate research.
    Note: Note: A student must register for CHEM 5389  and/or 590 each semester or summer session until the thesis is completed; however, a student may not register the first time for 590 until the thesis prospectus has been approved.

Communication

  
  • COMM 5175 - Advanced Graduate Studies In Communication


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Individual instruction in selected topics concerning contemporary issues in communication.
    Repeated: May be repeated under different topics.
  
  • COMM 5190 - Thesis


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Research and writing of the thesis proposal and the thesis.
    Note: Note: Students completing a thesis must register each semester university resources are being utilized.
    Prerequisite(s): consent of the advisor
  
  • COMM 5300 - Qualitative Methods in Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    This course introduces qualitative research approaches and methods and enables students to critique and conduct communication research.
  
  • COMM 5302 - Communication Ethics


    Credit(s): 3

    A study of ethical theory and praxis within the field of communication.
  
  • COMM 5303 - Communication Theory


    Credit(s): 3

    An examination of major communication theories and selected contextual communication theories with regard to their development, implication and application.
  
  • COMM 5304 - Topics in Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    This course entails a close study and consideration of the relationship between media and culture. Rotating topics will be covered.
    Repeated: May be repeated with change of topic.
  
  • COMM 5305 - Advanced Topics in Media Studies


    Credit(s): 3

    This course entails a close study and consideration of the relationship between media and culture. Rotating topics will be covered.
    Repeated: May be repeated when topic changes.
  
  • COMM 5307 - Management of Meetings


    Credit(s): 3

    This course is designed to provide advanced study of and practical experience in special event and conference planning and arrangement.
  
  • COMM 5310 - Persuasive Leadership


    Credit(s): 3

    An analysis of the communication processes involved in using persuasion to enhance leadership ability and style.
  
  • COMM 5312 - Critical Media Studies


    Credit(s): 3

    Critique of the relationships between media and culture, examining the ideological dimensions of communication practices involving issues of representation, power, identity and technology.
  
  • COMM 5314 - Rhetorical Theory and Criticism


    Credit(s): 3

    This course is designed to provide advanced study of the writings of principle rhetoricians from ancient to modern times, together with the application of principles drawn from these works in critical analysis.
  
  • COMM 5315 - Political Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    General overview and introduction to the study of political communication. Focus is on the relationship between mass media and the political process, political campaigns and political consultants.
  
  • COMM 5317 - Crisis Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    A study of the application of interpersonal communication principles and theories in situations involving personal crisis.
  
  • COMM 5320 - Gender Studies and Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    This course investigates gender and gender roles as socially constructed, maintained and performed in a variety of cultural, social and organizational contexts.
  
  • COMM 5335 - Intercultural Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    An application of communication theory to interactions between individuals of different cultures.
  
  • COMM 5360 - Issues Management and Crisis Response


    Credit(s): 3

    An examination of current practice in corporate communication issues management and crisis response.
  
  • COMM 5370 - Advanced Interpersonal Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    Development of in-depth understanding and skills with regard to the complex features of interpersonal communication within personal and professional contexts.
  
  • COMM 5373 - Advanced Topics in Organizational Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    Students will analyze a current trend in organizational communication studies.
  
  • COMM 5376 - Advanced Graduate Studies in Communication


    Credit(s): 3

    Same as COMM 5175  but in a different topic area.

Computer Science

  
  • CSCI 5175 - Advanced Graduate Studies


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Individual assignments.
    Repeated: May be repeated under different topics.
  
  • CSCI 5180 - Independent Studies


    Credit(s): 1-6

    Design and development of a selected project.
    Repeated: May be repeated for a total of six credit hours.
    Prerequisite(s): Approval of project director and the department chair
  
  • CSCI 5189 - Thesis Research


    Credit(s): 1-3

    This course includes research necessary to initiate the thesis work. Grade withheld until completion of thesis.
  
  • CSCI 5301 - Computer Security and Contemporary Issues


    Credit(s): 3

    This course addresses concerns applicable to computer users. It covers the issues and practical aspects of modern computer security, with an overview of relevant laws and regulations (including HIPAA - the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) concerning computer security. It also addresses relevant issues with large-scale computer usage, including big data, user interfacing, cloud computing, and ethical issues in computing.
  
  • CSCI 5303 - Decision Support Software Applications


    Credit(s): 3

    Operating systems, spreadsheets, graphing, statistical analysis and interpretation, database management systems, network environment, current topics in computing support for decision-making.
    Prerequisite(s): COSC 1301; or CSCI 1302; or BCIS 1305, MATH 1342
  
  • CSCI 5311 - Programming Languages


    Credit(s): 3

    Issues of programming language design including data abstraction, concurrency, exception handling, subprograms, data types, control structures, and describing syntax and semantics. Alternative paradigms such as imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented.
  
  • CSCI 5312 - Web Security


    Credit(s): 3

    Fundamental coverage of issues and techniques in developing secure web-based applications; related topics such as network security, web server security, application-level security and web database security. CSCI 5362  is recommended.
    Prerequisite(s): CSIT 4355 or CSCI 4347 or instructor permission
  
  • CSCI 5313 - Software Development Principles


    Credit(s): 3

    The course explores state-of-the-art principles of software design and development. Theories, methodologies, techniques and tools of software engineering are discussed. Involves case studies.
    Prerequisite(s): Nine advanced hours of computer science
  
  • CSCI 5320 - Database Management Systems


    Credit(s): 3

    Study of database management systems. Design and implementation of applications using database management systems.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 2341; CSCI 3321 or CSCI 3331; CSCI 3323 or 3333 or 3341 or 3342. Must have a grade of C or better in each prerequisite course.
  
  • CSCI 5322 - Defensive Coding and Security


    Credit(s): 3

    Provides a foundation for building secure software by applying security principles to the software-development lifecycle. Topics covered include security in requirements engineering, secure designs, risk analysis, threat modeling, deploying cryptographic algorithms, defensive coding, penetration testing, fuzzing, static analysis and security assessment. Includes case studies, data protection via coding and secure access methodology, vulnerability identification and modern security coding techniques. CSCI 5362  recommended.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 2341 or CSCI 3331, and CSIT 4355 or CSCI 4347; or instructor permission
  
  • CSCI 5324 - Database Management Systems-Architecture and Management


    Credit(s): 3

    Examination and appraisal of the fundamental technology of database management systems and of the practice of database systems design, database administration and DBMS acquisition.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 4325 or CSCI 5320  or approval of computer science graduate advisor.
  
  • CSCI 5330 - System Simulation and Model Building


    Credit(s): 3

    Simulation methodology, generation of random variants, design of experiments with deterministic and stochastic models.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 2341; MATH 1324 or MATH 2313, MATH 1342
  
  • CSCI 5340 - Principles of Systems Programming


    Credit(s): 3

    Operating systems principles, systems utilities, language processors, and user interfaces.
  
  • CSCI 5341 - Compiler Principles & Techniques


    Credit(s): 3

    Language theory, grammars and recognizers, methods for lexical analysis, top-down and bottom-up parsing, code generation, run-time structures, optimization, error handling.
  
  • CSCI 5342 - Operating System Concepts


    Credit(s): 3

    Operating system structures, concurrent processes, resource scheduling, memory management, file systems and protection, distributed systems.
  
  • CSCI 5345 - Reverse Engineering


    Credit(s): 3

    Coverage of incorporating security technologies and methods into new and existing systems, learning how attackers expose vulnerabilities, analyzing threats, applying methods to prevent and defeat attacks, and understanding the ethical responsibilities and obligations associated with developing, acquiring and operating software systems. CSCI 5362  is recommended.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 3341; CSCI 4355 or CSCI 4347; or instructor permission
  
  • CSCI 5347 - Cyber Security Concepts and Practices


    Credit(s): 3

    Study of computer and internet security concepts and practices. Introduction to cryptography and information security. Understanding the different types of malware and how to prevent them. Cloud computer and emerging technologies security risks and practices.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 2341 and CSCI 3331
  
  • CSCI 5348 - Digital Forensics


    Credit(s): 3

    Study of computer and cyber forensics. Learn and demonstrate understanding of different aspects of computer and cyber-crime and ways in which to uncover, protect, exploit and document digital evidence. Students will be exposed to different types of tools (both software and hardware), techniques and procedures, and be able to use them to study and practice forensic investigations. CSCI 5362  recommended.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 2341 or CSCI 3331; CSCI 4355 or CSCI 4347; or instructor permission
  
  • CSCI 5350 - Computer Graphics


    Credit(s): 3

    An overview of the hardware, software, and techniques used in computer graphics. Graphics primitives, two-dimensional transformations, painting, windowing, and clipping. Three-dimensional graphics including hidden lines and surfaces, lighting, texturing and shading.
  
  • CSCI 5355 - AI and Expert Systems


    Credit(s): 3

    Use of computers in problem solving involving information representation, searching, theorem proving, and pattern matching with substitution. Methods for knowledge representation, searching, spatial, temporal and common sense reasoning, and logic and probabilistic inferencing. Applications in expert systems and robotics.
  
  • CSCI 5360 - Computer Networking


    Credit(s): 3

    Functional evolution and role of data communications. Considerations in data communications. Applications in general. The design issues. System components and their interrelationships. Networks.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 2341, and CSCI 3323 or CSCI 3333, or CSCI 3341 or CSCI 3342
  
  • CSCI 5362 - Penetration Testing


    Credit(s): 3

    Examination of the techniques and technologies for the penetration of networks, detection of attacks and prevention of attacks. Addresses the techniques, technologies and methodologies used by cyber intruders (hackers) to select a target and launch an attack. Assesses the various countermeasures to keep the system out of the “sights” of the hacker and to keep the hacker out of the perimeter of the target network. Explores the laws and legal considerations in prosecuting computer crime.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 2341 or CSCI 3331, CSCI 4355 or CSCI 4347; or instructor permission
  
  • CSCI 5363 - Computer Networks and Distributed Systems


    Credit(s): 3

    Communication models and protocols. Distributed algorithms and analysis. Distributed systems architectures and communications. Latest developments in communication technology, including hardware, software and applications. CSC 435 is recommended.
    Prerequisite(s): CSCI 3342 and six advanced hours of computer science
  
  • CSCI 5365 - Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing


    Credit(s): 3

    Organizational and operational analysis of digital computers at the component and functional levels. Design and performance issues. Algorithms and architectures for parallel processors. CSC 214 is recommended.
    Prerequisite(s): Nine advanced hours of CSCI
  
  • CSCI 5390 - Thesis Writing


    Credit(s): 3-9

    Writing of the thesis. A student must be enrolled in this course the semester of graduation.
    Prerequisite(s): Admission to degree candidacy, approval of thesis prospectus, and approval of the thesis director and department chair

Counseling

  
  • PCOU 5175 - Advanced Special Problems: Independent Study


    Credit(s): 1-3

    Individual study of a special problem in professional counseling under the direction of a faculty member. Regularly scheduled conferences between the student and faculty member are required during the semester.
  
  • PCOU 5178 - Special Topics in Counseling


    Credit(s): 1-6

    An in-depth study of a selected topic in a given field or discipline.
 

Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 -> 13